As a result, IBFIs are expected fulfil the normative expectations of IME as articulated by maqasid al- Shari’ah or ‘objectives of the Shari’ah’ (Asutay 2013 Asutay and Yilmaz 2018), which is defined as ‘promoting human and social well-being’ (Chapra 2000). While the legal rulings in the form of Shari’ah injunctions determine the operational nature of IBFIs in the form of compliance, the normative nature of their operations is determined by the precepts of an Islamic Moral Economy (IME) (Asutay 2012).
They are considered value-oriented financial institutions shaped by the principles, morals and ethical norms of Islam. Islamic banking and financial institutions (IBFIs) emerged during the mid-1970s as ‘commercial banks’ to fulfil the religiously constructed financial needs of individual Muslims. The findings reported in this study identify complex and multi-faceted relations between external market realities, corporate and Shari’ah governance mechanisms, and maqasid performance. However, the effect of GDP, financial development and human development index of the country, its political and civil rights, institutional ownership, and a higher share of independent directors have an overall negative impact on the maqasid performance. Through panel data analysis, this study finds that the Muslim population indicator, CEO duality, Shari’ah governance, and leverage variables positively impact the disclosure of maqasid performance. The findings show that although during the nine-year period the disclosure of maqasid performance of the sampled Islamic banks has improved, this is still short of ‘best practices’.
The sample includes 33 full-fledged Islamic banks from 12 countries for the period of 2008–2016. Furthermore, in identifying the main determinants of the maqasid disclosure performance, panel data analysis is used by including several key variables alongside political and socio-economic environment, ownership structures, and corporate and Shari’ah governance-related factors. By expanding the traditional maqasid al- Shari’ah, we develop a comprehensive evaluation framework in the form of a maqasid index, which is subjected to a rigorous disclosure analysis. This study also explores the major determinants that affect maqasid performance as expressed through disclosure analysis. Maqasid al- Shari’ah is interpreted as achieving social good as a consequence in addition to well-being and, hence, it goes beyond traditional (voluntary) social responsibility. This study utilises higher objectives postulated in Islamic moral economy or the maqasid al- Shari’ah theoretical framework’s novel approach in evaluating the ethical, social, environmental and financial performance of Islamic banks.
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